Eur. Phys. J. D (2025) 79: 56
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-025-01010-0

Regular Article - Atomic and Molecular Collisions

Calculations of M-shell X-ray production cross sections for Ho induced by ${\text{Li}}^{1,2,3+}$ ions

Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, China

^a xiely@nwnu.edu.cn
^b dongcz@nwnu.edu.cn

Received: 22 March 2025
Accepted: 12 May 2025
Published online: 23 May 2025

Abstract

The total M-shell and ${\text{M}}_{\xi }$, ${\text{M}}_{\alpha }$, ${\text{M}}_{\beta }$ and ${\text{M}}_{\gamma }$ X-ray production cross sections of Ho induced by 1 - 9 MeV ${\text{Li}}^{q+}$ (q = 1 - 3) ions are calculated using the atomic electron removal cross sections code based on the ECPSSR theory, which includes energy loss and Coulomb deflection effects, perturbed stationary state approximation with relativistic correction, for direct ionization and non-radiative electron capture. The effects of projectile energy loss and Coulomb deflection of the projectile, perturbation of electron’s stationary state and relativistic correction of the target electron, as well as electron capture to the higher shells of the projectile are determined, by making a comprehensive study of the projectile energy and charge state dependence of the M-shell X-ray production cross sections for targets. The calculations show excellent agreement with the available experimental values. It is found that the various M series lines, that is, ${\text{M}}_{\xi }$, ${\text{M}}_{\alpha }$, ${\text{M}}_{\beta }$ and ${\text{M}}_{\gamma }$ X-ray production cross sections, are sensitive to the charge state and energy of the incident Li ions, while the intensity ratios, ${\text{M}}_{\xi }$/${\text{M}}_{\alpha \beta }$ and ${\text{M}}_{\gamma }$/${\text{M}}_{\alpha \beta }$, do not exhibit a strong dependence on the projectile charge state.