https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-021-00287-1
Regular Article – Clusters and Nanostructures
Free energies of triply and quadruply degenerate electron ladder spectra
1
School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
2
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, M5S 1A7, Toronto, ON, Canada
3
Department of Physics, Center for Joint Quantum Studies, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
Received:
25
August
2021
Accepted:
7
October
2021
Published online:
22
October
2021
The electronic free energies in metal clusters are calculated based on a simple ladder spectrum for the level degeneracies three and four, and compared with the known results for degeneracies one and two. The low-temperature and the asymptotic high-temperature results for free energy differences of particles with different electron numbers are generalized to ladder spectra of any degeneracy. Remarkably, free energy differences do not approach zero at high energies for size-independent Fermi energies.
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, SIF and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
