https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-025-01093-9
Research - Plasmas
Quantum-mechanical analysis of semi-forbidden transitions and lasing in the titanium atom
1
Department of Computer Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva, Israel
2
Department of Physics, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
Received:
1
September
2025
Accepted:
7
November
2025
Published online:
22
November
2025
In this work, we present a comprehensive quantum-mechanical analysis of the spectral properties of the titanium atom, with emphasis on semi-forbidden (intercombination) electronic transitions. The calculations are performed within density-functional theory (DFT) including spin–orbit coupling, and the Kohn–Sham equations are solved numerically by a conjugate-gradient method, yielding high accuracy at moderate computational cost. Oscillator strengths and transition characteristics are obtained within time-dependent DFT using the Casida formalism, which enables a consistent treatment of correlation effects and multiplet structure. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms of population inversion and to comparisons between theory and experiment. The results validate the proposed approach and demonstrate its potential for applications to complex atomic systems in astrophysics, materials science, and quantum optics.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, SIF and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
